<p>Wislet is a heritage-listed detached house and former hospital at 127 Russell Street, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Hodgen junior and was built in 1908 for Dr Freidrich Hinrichsen and his wife, Dori, in 1908, as a large two-story building combining a residence and medical suite. It was thereafter sold to two other Toowoomba doctors: Thomas Connolly in 1910, who renamed the property Drynane, and John Hulme in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the property was sold to the Methodist Church, who established the Wesley Hospital in the building. The ownership of the hospital passed to the Uniting Church in Australia in 1980, and it operated until 1998, when the church deemed it no longer viable. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wislet is a large, two storey, rendered masonry building designed by architect William Hodgen jnr. and located in Russell Street, Toowoomba. It is situated on a large block, originally part of suburban allotment 9 "at the swamp near Drayton". This parcel of land of twenty three acres, two roods and thirty six perches was purchased by James Taylor in 1868 from William Horton who held the original deed of grant from 1852. James Taylor began to subdivide the land and the blocks passed through the hands of several owners.</p><br>
<p>In April 1908, the Certificate of Title was transferred to Dori Helene Hinrichsen, wife of Dr Freidrich Hinrichsen. At the same time, the Hinrichsens purchased an adjoining easement of 3.3 perches. At the beginning of 1908, the Hinrichsens commissioned Toowoomba architect William Hodgen jnr. to design a combined residence and surgery. The tender amount was £2125 and the building contractor was Henry Andrews. The house was adjacent to a house known as "The Rosery" which was owned by Dr Freshney, medical superintendent of Toowoomba Hospital 1892-1927, and it appears that the Hinrichsens built their house on the rose garden of this house.</p><br>
<p>Hodgens original drawings show that the house was carefully designed to accommodate both Dr Hinrichsens medical practice and the familys residence. The medical suite comprised three rooms - a waiting room, consulting room and operating room and had its own entrance on the western side of the front elevation. A large, arched porch on the eastern side marked the entrance to the residence. This lead into a vestibule that linked together the medical suite and residence. A grand, central "hall dominated the ground floor of the residence. The hall measured 22 by 16 feet with a raised platform of 14 by 6 feet at one end. This platform was enclosed with leadlight windows to the east. Extensive servants quarters and service areas were also located on the ground floor, including a servants hall, bedroom and bathroom as well as kitchen, laundry, pantry and store. A stable building and wood-house to the back of the block were part of the original design.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor accommodated the family&#39;s living spaces. The southern side was occupied by a large bedroom, dressing room and bathroom. The northern side had another bedroom and night and day nurseries. The night nursery had a small balcony perched over the roof of the ground floor and the day nursery is connected to a large north-east facing porch. Both these spaces demonstrate the emphasis that was then placed on fresh air for good health.</p><br>
<p>The Toowoomba Chronicle reported in 1973 that the Hinrichsens had designed their home to resemble their former home in Germany and that the Toowoomba residence was "a stately 22 room house......In what was once the drawing room of the old home is still to be found a coat of arms depicting a hunting party scene with lean hounds on leashes. The crest of blue-green mosaic tiles stands above a marble fireplace and includes the initials F.J.H. The marble for the fireplace was quarried from Dr Henrickson&#39;s (sic) family estate in Germany......Dr and Mrs Henrickson were reputed to be very talented musically and were devotees of the arts."</p><br>
<p>It is not known when Dr Hinrichsen arrived in Australia, however, it appears that he was first registered as a doctor in Queensland in 1904. He was a well qualified man. The Medical Board of Queenslands registration records show that he passed the Staats Examen in Germany in 1897 and obtained his MD from the University of Rostock, Mecklenburg in 1899. He was formerly known by the name of Cohen. He worked as a surgeon in Munich, Leipzig, Rostock and Berlin. He is listed as Honorary Surgeon to the Toowoomba General Hospital and presented a paper at the Australian Medical Congress in Melbourne in 1908. In 1911, Loxtons Medical Directory listed Dr Hinrichsen in practice in Roma. In November 1914, he was struck off the roll by order of the Medical Board, which lends credibility to local stories that he had been forced out of Toowoomba as a result of anti-German feeling during the time of the First World War.</p><br>
<p>William Hodgen jnr had a long and prolific architectural career in Toowoomba. The son of a building contractor, Hodgen became a cadet in the Colonial Architects Office in 1886. In 1891, he resigned and travelled to London to broaden his experience. He enrolled at the Architectural Association and worked for a variety of architects in London, becoming an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1895. He returned to Queensland in December 1896 and opened his practice in February 1897, remaining in practice with his sons until his death in 1943. Hodgens time in London coincided with a period of intense creativity and originality in English architecture, with the likes of Charles Voysey, William Lethaby and Edward Schroeder Prior designing key works of Arts and Crafts architecture. Although Hodgen&#39;s work reflects more fully the influence of his Queensland training and the local timber tradition, he does integrate up-to-date Arts and Crafts features and details into his work, some of which can be seen in the house in Russell Street. His unbuilt work is more strident in its application of English styles of the 1890s. An unrealised design of 1897 for a theatre in Toowoomba has typical Arts and Crafts elements such as asymmetrical planning and massing, "green slate" roof, centrally located roof lantern and facade treatments such as stone dressing and carved stone decoration at first level.</p><br>
<p>In January 1910 the house was purchased by Thomas Connolly, also a medical practitioner. He named it "Drynane" after his birthplace in County Armagh in Ireland. The Connolly family held the title until 1948 when the house was sold to Dr John Hulme, a colleague of Dr Connollys, who resided and operated his medical practice there until 1963. In 1963, the property was sold to the Methodist Church who initially established an acute care hospital. The title transferred to the Uniting Church in Australia in 1980. From 1979-1984, the Uniting Church purchased many of the properties around the site of the hospital. The Wesley Hospital operated until July 1998 when the Uniting Church announced that they could no longer operate the hospital as "there is little chance that the hospital could be viable in todays market". The Toowoomba Chronicle reported that some staff members had been at the hospital for more than 25 years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wislet is a two storeyed rendered masonry building originally designed as a residence and surgery, located on Russell Street to the north of the rail line through Toowoomba. The house stands on a large allotment of about half an acre and is set back from Russell Street with an established garden. A large pine tree dominates the Russell Street frontage of the former residence.</p><br>
<p>The house is an imposing and stark addition to the Russell Street precinct which, in this area to the north of the business district, is characterised by more ornate residences. The more contemporary house on the eastern side of the former Hospital has been designed to complement the former hospital.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan of the original part of the former residence was rectangular with a one storeyed rectangular wing to the rear, with projecting windows and entrance vestibules from most of the facades. To the rear of the ground floor of the original footprint of the building, additions have been made over time and this wing is now an amalgam of differently aged and constructed sections.</p><br>
<p>The building is of loadbearing masonry construction, rendered with roughcast stucco. The openings of the building are generally timber framed casement windows, occasionally filled with leadlight or coloured glass. The window openings generally have face brick sills. The hipped and gabled roof of the two storeyed part of the building is clad with red terracotta tiles and is punctuated by a number of chimney stacks. The rear one storeyed wing is clad with corrugated iron. The chimney stacks are rough cast, to complement the render of the facades of the building, and are evocative of Art Nouveau elongated chimneys with narrow cornices and high level square openings beneath the cornice.</p><br>
<p>The principal facade of the former Hospital, facing southward to Russell Street, is unusual in the asymmetry and loose control of the fenestration and projecting features. The facade addresses Clifford House on the opposite side of Russell Street and is similar in massing. The facade of the building has two ground floor projecting features; a gabled roofed projection housing a four panel casement window on the western end and a smaller hipped roofed, enclosed entrance porch on the eastern end. Between these elements on the ground floor is a three panel casement window and a smaller, more recent sliding window. The first floor is lined with a number of variously sized and placed windows on the principal facade, including a central four panel casement decorated with a window planter box.</p><br>
<p>The eastern, side facade of the building is dominated by a projecting oriel window of German influence at the northern end. The window sits above a ground floor projecting bay which features a large 3 by 4 panel of timber framed leadlight window on the face of the projection and similar panels on the returns. The leadlight panels in blue and warm grey shades demonstrate Art Nouveau influence. Some of the glazed panels have been replaced in plate glass. Surmounting this projection is the timber framed and horizontal boarded rectangular planned oriel window supported on large curved timber brackets. The timber element is lined with timber framed casement windows filled with arctic glass and, seemingly, later than the other window openings of the building. The oriel window is roofed under the main gabled roof which terminates at the window and has a stuccoed and battened gable end slightly projecting from the face of the projecting window bay and again, supported on curved timber brackets. The boarding and glazing may date from a more recent renovation. Extending from the southern side of the oriel window is a small timber balcony supported on a single timber column and surrounded on its open sides with a timber battened balustrade. An external narrow metal stair from the ground level terminates at this small balcony.</p><br>
<p>The western face of the building is almost devoid of openings, except for two square openings filled with coloured glass giving external expression to the stair hall. The one storeyed wing at the rear of the western side is lined on the northern and eastern sides with wide verandahs which have been enclosed and now form internal rooms. The rear, northern facade of the building has a hipped projection at the western end and is lined on the first floor with variously sized casement window openings.</p><br>
<p>Generally, the interior has a mixture of timber boarded and concrete floors on the ground floor and timber boarded floors on the first floor. The interior walls of the ground floor are rendered masonry and the internal walls of the first floor are mostly rendered masonry with some timber boarded partitioning. The ceilings of the ground floor are rendered plaster and plasterboard and the ceilings on the first floor are timber boarded. Generally, the interior of the ground floor has been altered both in finish and planning and the interior of the first floor is more intact. Features such as the ground floor fireplaces, coat of arms and the platform in the hall are no longer there.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is accessed internally via a stair on the western side of the building which is housed in a hall lit by two square stair hall windows, filled with orange and yellow leadlight panels. The dog leg timber stair has a timber battened balustrade with square timber newel and turning posts which are decorated with a simple carved border detail at the top. The stair terminates at the western end of a transverse hall on the first floor, from which the major first floor rooms are accessed. A section of the partitioning of this hall, adjacent to the stair is constructed from timber boarding. The first floor of the building houses a number of large rooms with intact joinery, including a simple skirting board, picture rail, high mid-railed timber doors with brass hardware and a number of fireplaces. The design of the fireplaces is clearly influenced by Art Nouveau, with elongated vertical proportions, simple detailing and oversized bracket elements.</p><br>
<p>The garden surrounding the building contributes to its setting, and in the case of the front garden reinforces the German influence. A large pine tree dominates the front garden and partially conceals the house from the street. Other features in the front and eastern garden include hedges and garden beds with shrubbery. The western garden comprises a large flat lawned area, possibly the remnants of an early tennis court.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the house is a one storeyed timber framed and clad shed with simple gabled corrugated iron roof and several timber boarded doors and a large timber garage door.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wislet (Former Wesley Hospital) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 May 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Wesley Hospital is important in demonstrating the development of Toowoomba, in particular the development of the district to the north of the central business district where a number of doctor&#39;s residences and private hospitals were located in the first half of the century.</p><br>
<p>The former Wesley Hospital has a strong association with the medical profession in Toowoomba. A succession of local doctors operated their practices and resided in the house from 1908. As the Wesley Hospital, the building provided medical care to the Toowoomba community for 35 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Wesley Hospital has a strong association with the medical profession in Toowoomba. A succession of local doctors operated their practices and resided in the house from 1908. As the Wesley Hospital, the building provided medical care to the Toowoomba community for 35 years.</p><br>
<p>The Jualpa Mining Camp, also known as the Last Chance Basin Camp, is a former gold mining camp, just outside the city of Juneau, Alaska. Its main building is now operated as the Last Chance Mining Museum by the Gastineau Historical Society. The camp was located on the southern banks of Gold Creek, about 1 mi north of Juneau, near what is now the end of Basin Road. The camp was the site of one of the largest gold finds in the Juneau mining district. It was established between 1910 and 1913 by the Alaska-Juneau Gold Mining Company and operated until 1944, producing more than $80 million worth of gold. The largest surviving structure of the camp is its air compressor building, which was 84 ft long, and still houses the compressor used by the company. Also surviving are a variety of railroad-related resources, which the company used to bring or to its mill on the Gastineau channel, an electrical transformer house, powder magazine, and cable hoist.</p><br>
<p>The camp, with a total of 21 contributing buildings and structures, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Fort Emmanuel also known as Immanuel Fort is a ruined fort located at the Fort Kochi beach of Fort Kochi on the shores of the Arabian Sea in Kochi city, Kerala, India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1503 AD the Rajah of Kochi granted permission to the Portuguese to build Fort Emmanuel near the waterfront of the Arabian Sea to protect their commercial interests. The first part of the name Fort Kochi comes from this fort. Fort Kochi is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India, known as Old Kochi or West Kochi, adjacented to Mattancherry.</p><br>
<p>The Fort was built at the water-bound region towards the south-west of the Kochi mainland. The fortifications were reinforced in 1538. The Portuguese built their settlement behind the fort, including the St Francis Church. Fort Kochi remained in Portuguese possession until 1683, when the Dutch colonial troops captured the territory and destroyed the Portuguese institutions. The Dutch held the fort in their possession until 1795, when the British took control by defeating the Dutch. By 1806 the Dutch, and later the British, had destroyed most of the fort walls and its bastions.</p><br>
<p>In Old Kochi and alongside the Fort Kochi beach, there is a partially restored gun battery and other remains of ramparts and fortifications, which are now tourist destinations.</p><br>
<p>The Cares Trail or Ruta del Cares is one of the most popular treking paths within the Picos de Europa, the route is situated between the province of León and Asturias, in Spain. It runs from the Asturian village of Puente Poncebos to Posada de Valdeón through Caín in Leon along the Cares Canyon. In the old times, the route was the only way to reach both towns during the snow seasons in the winter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cares Trail was first opened in the mountain rock along the Cares river&#39;s canyon between the years of 1916 and 1921 to provide maintenance, food and supplies to the hydroelectric powerplant of Camarmeña - Poncebos; It was later improved and expanded between 1945 and 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Cares Trail runs in between the Cantabrian Mountains and is referred to as the "Divine Gorge" of the Cares river, It is a pathway at mid-height of approximately 11 kilometers in length. It is considered one of the most beautiful natural sites in Spain, it runs along caves, bridges and pathways sculpted in the rock.</p><br>
<p>While the Cares river carves a much longer path across the mountains to flow into the bay of Biscay in the Atlantic Ocean. From south to north it runs through, Valdeón (province of León), Cabrales, Peñamellera Alta and Peñamellera Baja.</p><br>
<p>The path known in Spanish as the "Ruta del Cares", is an accessible part, through an elevated trail over the river.</p><br>
<p>The rocks that form the mountains on both sides of the Defile are made out of grey Limestone. In them there are numerous hollows and caves, some of which have been used as shelter for sheep that pasture in the nearby fields.</p><br>
<p>When the route reaches Caín, the Defile opens, and the path continues through a bridge that runs through the town.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The spectacular scenery and the moderate slope of the Cares Trail make it ideal to enjoy Hiking along its path. Out of the two million estimated visitors to the Picos de Europa National Park it is estimated that the Cares trail receives approximately 300.000 hikers as it is the most popular within the National Park. To avoid hiking accidents the use of proper footwear is advised.</p><br>
<p>The Wetherbee House is a historic cottage in Greenville, Mississippi. It is a small one-story frame-and-clapboard structure and is typical of American cottages in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built on land purchased by Hiram Wetherbee in 1873, though the actual construction date is uncertain. Wetherbee was a Civil War veteran, having served with an Illinois Regement of the Union army which for a time operated in the Greenville area. As with many mid-westerners, he returned to the area to settle.</p><br>
<p>Also on the properly is a -story brick house known the carriage house, and while some of the design elements show that it could have been used as such, its actual use is uncertain. Several additions were made to the house since it was originally built, one not long after the first construction, one in 1900, and one later in the first half of the twentieth century. The house has since been partially restored to its pre-1900 design.</p><br>
<p>The house stayed with the Wetherbee family until it was sold in 1973 to Council of Greenville Garden Clubs for use as a meeting place and museum. It currently houses the offices of The Greater Greenville Development Foundation. GGDF is composed of Main Street Greenville, a non-profit organization dedicated to the revitalization of downtown of Greenville, Mississippi; and The Greater Greenville Housing and Revitalization Association, Inc., a non-profit organization committed to providing safe and affordable housing to families residing in Greenville, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in October 28, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Junius R. Ward House  is a historic house and former Southern plantation in Erwin, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located in Erwin, Washington County, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built on a plantation from 1827 to 1830, making it the oldest house still standing in Washington County, Mississippi. Prior to this house, a log cabin had been built at this location. The logs can still be seen in the attic. Thus, in 1830, Junius R. Ward, a planter from Kentucky, built this house.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the house was passed on to his daughter, Matilda Ward. She was married John Erwin, the original owner of Mount Holly in Foote, Mississippi. Painter George Caleb Bingham did a portrait of Maltilda Ward, which still hangs on a wall inside the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by their son, Victor Erwin, who lived there with his wife, Margaret Preston McNeilly, the daughter of Confederate veteran and newspaper publisher J. S. McNeilly. A loggia at the back of the house was added in 1910, as well as a rear cabinet in 1925. During that time, William Alexander Percy, the author of Lanterns on the Levee, was often invited to the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, it was inherited by their daughter, Margaret Erwin Shutt, who lived there with her husband, William Shutt. They restored the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 28, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Hay Building  is a historic commercial building on Congress Square in downtown Portland, Maine. It occupies a prominent triangular site at the junction of Congress, High and Free Streets. Built in 1826 to a design by prominent local architect Charles Quincy Clapp, it is one of the oldest commercial buildings in Portland.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The block is actually a collection of three buildings, extending along Congress and Free Streets in Congress Square, a major intersection in central Portland, Maine. The largest of the three buildings is essentially triangular in shape, presenting a narrow front to High Street. It is three stories in height, built of brick, which is painted beige with dark green trim. The lower two floors have seven arched window openings, with the main entrance on the short front facing High Street. The third floor, a later addition, has five, with projecting cornice above. The second building, northeast of the first, is also three stories, which are of lower height than the first. It is two bays wide, with square windows on the upper levels, and a picture window with entrance on the right on the first level, on the Congress Street side. The third building is 2-1/2 stories tall, three bays wide, also with a doorway (this one recessed) to the right of a picture window on the main floor. A slightly-protruding cornice at the top of the second floor is topped by a low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The main block was designed by local architect Charles Quincy Clapp and built in 1826. It is a rare local example of a Federal-style commercial building, and is one of the oldest commercial blocks in the city. The buildings ground floor was occupied from 1841 by Hays Pharmacy, giving the building the name by which it is now most commonly known. The third level of the block was designed by John Calvin Stevens and added in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Toe Jam Hill, 425 feet tall, is the high point on Bainbridge Island, Washington and one of the highest points in Kitsap County, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Its name has several explanations, including that it was named for a local settler with the name Torjam (the explanation given by the local historical society), that it was named for stumbling drunkards, or that existing explanations are "all conjecture".</p><br>
<p>The hill is a "villainous" milestone for bicycle riders on the Chilly Hilly season opener sponsored by Seattle&#39;s Cascade Bicycle Club, and on the Bainbridge Island Half Marathon, formerly called Toe Jam Hill Half Marathon.</p><br>
<p>The Bainbridge Island high point&#39;s location is reported variously at highpointing websites. Lists of John gives Gazzam Lake Hill based on USGS topographic maps, which used stereoscopic aerial surveys. Peakbagger.com gives Toe Jam Hill at 15 feet higher or more, based on newer high-resolution LIDAR maps.</p><br>
<p>LIDAR surveys in the 1990s also identified a geologic fault, now named the Toe Jam Hill Fault, north of the hill. It may intersect and may be secondary to the Seattle Fault. It was the first fault discovered by laser imagery.</p><br>
<p>A city park, Nutes Pond Park (also spelled Nute&#39;s Pond), was created on Toe Jam Hill in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Truman Galusha House, also called the Truman Galusha Mansion and "Fairview" in various historical documents and maps, is a Federal-style house in Jericho, Vermont, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as the Galusha House, qualifying for designation based on its "architectural excellence" and the association of its early owners with important early governors and other key leaders involved with the creation of the state of Vermont. It was built in 1790, and is named for the son of an early Vermont governor, Jonas Galusha. The house is located at the top of a large sloping lawn at the junction of Vermont Route 15 and Lee River Road at the entrance to Jericho Corners Village in the village of Jericho, Vermont, which is near Burlington. It was completely restored in 1982, and is privately owned.</p><br>
<h2>Galusha family</h2><br>
<p>Truman Galusha (1786 – 1859) was the son of Vermonts early governor, Jonas Galusha, of Shaftsbury and his second wife, Mary Chittenden, the daughter of Thomas Chittenden. Chittenden, Truman Galushas grandfather, was a close associate of Ethan Allen, Vermonts Revolutionary Hero, and other Allen family members. With them, he was part of the group who drafted a Vermont Constitution, and declared the Vermont Republic in 1777, the first written Constitution for an independent republic in North America. The Vermont Republic is sometimes called "The Green Mountain Republic" today. Chittenden was chosen as the Republic of Vermonts "President," then later "Governor," and after statehood in 1791, elected the state&#39;s first Governor, serving until 1797.</p><br>
<p>Jonas Galusha, Trumans father, was elected to nine one-year terms as Governor, beginning in 1809. Trumans boyhood home, usually called "The Governor Jonas Galusha Homestead" in Center Shaftsbury, VT, is also listed on the National Register, and is now the headquarters of the Shaftsbury Historical Society. (See photo of the homestead on the Shaftsbury Historical Society&#39;s homepage.)</p><br>
<p>Truman had six children with two wives: He married (1) Lydia Loomis, and (2) Hannah Chittenden, a granddaughter of Thomas and daughter of his mothers brother, Noah Chittenden. Truman Galusha did not build this house, but was its most famous resident. A drawing of the house appears with other important buildings on a large wall map of the county done in 1857 by H F Walling, captioned, "Residence of Hon. Truman Galusha" (See photo, below, left.) The 1869 Atlas of Chittenden Co. by F. W. Beers and Co. describes the houses name as "FAIRVIEW", all in capital letters. The atlas also shows the house occupant as R. L. Galusha, which is Trumans son, Russell Loomis Galusha. The house is included in "Look Around Chittenden County, Vermont", a book featuring the countys historic homes, published by the Chittenden Co. Historical Society in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Truman was "a farmer, banker, and one of the wealthiest and most prominent citizens of the town", according to the History of Jericho, VT (ed. by Chauncey H. Hayden et al., 1916) He was elected to many offices in town and state. The Galushas were ardent Baptists, and Truman was "always a supporter" and major contributor to the Baptist Church in Jericho.</p><br>
<p>As a neighbor and leader, he is characterized in the town history as a kind, friendly man. One anecdote that reflects his dedication to the residents of Jericho is about a young man named Arthur Burdick, son of a Jericho farmer. When Burdick was just 19 and had spent three years as a carpenters apprentice, he became interested in going to California to join the Gold Rush. The history says, "Arthur Burdick had a severe case of Gold Fever, then epidemically raging...and thought that he, too, ought to seek his fortune there." His story is told in a long letter Mr. Burdick wrote later which is reproduced in the history. "I gathered the money I had saved. The sum was not great, not much over one hundred dollars. I asked my father to sign a note with me to Deacon Truman Galusha for two hundred dollars. I knew Galusha would let me have the money, for I had gotten into his good graces while building a house for him and his son. Father said Yes, I will do it, for it is probably the last thing I can ever do for you.&#39; and we obtained the money. I packed my grip, and with the old white mare, father drove me to Burlington where I bade him goodbye." The history is silent on whether Arthur Burdick struck gold, but it makes it clear "Deacon Galusha" was more than willing to encourage him.</p><br>
<p>Abby Maria Hemenway, Vermont&#39;s famous "gazetteer", after her visit to Jericho, wrote about Truman Galusha. "He was one of the most prominent citizens and the wealthiest man in town. He occupied the most responsible civil stations in town and county."</p><br>
<p>Truman Galusha was Representative to the Vermont State Conventions in 1827, 1828, and 1830. He represented Jericho in the important Vermont Constitutional Convention of 1836 which ended the unicameral legislature and established the State Senate. He was chosen again as Representative to the State Constitutional Convention in 1843. He also served as "Side Judge" of Chittenden County in 1849 through 1851.</p><br>
<p>The large Galusha family was very illustrious in Vermonts early history, and very active abolitionists in later years. One of Trumans brothers, Elon Galusha, (1790 – 1856) was the first President of the Baptist Anti-Slavery Society, promoted the Liberty Party, and became quite famous preaching his entire life on the evils of slavery.</p><br>
<h2>The house</h2><br>
<p>The Truman Galusha House is one of Vermont&#39;s few purely Federal houses, and features rare original details, especially for early Vermont, since most early homes in Vermont are considered "country" in style, with simplified versions of the more sophisticated work done in the colonial cities. Architect Herbert Wheaton Congdon, in his classic work, "Old Vermont Houses,1763-1850" reminds readers that Vermont was the youngest state in New England, and "Pioneer folk, busy in field or forest, did not need the stately homes such as their contemporaries in other states built on the High Streets of their wealthy mercantile towns."</p><br>
<p>Yet the builder of this house (unknown), working very early in Vermont, managed to create some very up-to-date Federal details which thankfully are all unchanged and original today. The Truman Galusha House&#39;s main Federal features on the exterior are the well-worked cornice with dentils under the eaves, and a delicate Palladian fanscreen in the high gable end. On the interior. the house features original, elaborate woodwork in the front parlor and elsewhere. Large Federal-style overdoors and overwindows adorn all windows and doors in the parlor. The same treatment of the door surrounds appears in the facing doors in the front hall. They are less elaborately carved, but identical in design as those in many famous Federal homes, such as the Gardner-Pingree House in Salem, MA (1804). There are four original "Rumford" fireplaces, all with original mantels and woodwork. (Parlor, dining room, and two front bedrooms upstairs.) A Rumford fireplace is the then-popular tall, shallow fireplace invented by Benjamin Thompson, or Count Rumford, a loyalist physicist who fled to Europe after the Revolution where he was made a Count.</p><br>
<p>The front door is not original. It was originally topped by a classic fanlight and sidelights. The small portico now above the door in front was added when the original door was sold during the 1930s, according to town legend.</p><br>
<p>The oldest part of the house (built in 1790, one year before Vermont joined the union as the 14th state) may have been built by John Bliss, who was an early owner of the house and also owned the Jericho Red Mill, (now home of the Jericho Historical Society) which is across the main road from the house. (Truman Galusha was also a part owner of the mill during his residence in Jericho.) Jerichos Old Red Mill, sometimes called Chittenden Mills, and its very beautiful waterfall on Browns River, is one of Vermont&#39;s most famous scenic sights. It has been featured in scores of Vermont calendars and magazines.</p><br>
<p>The large Federal front part of the house was added in 1809. Both the 1790 and 1809 sections of the house are of brick. Galusha moved to Jericho in 1824 and the house was occupied by him and his descendants (including the Howe family, two of whom married Truman&#39;s daughters.) into the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The small brick home now at the bottom of the lawn at the roadside was once the servant&#39;s quarters for the Truman Galusha house.</p><br>
<h2>Brick houses in Vermont</h2><br>
<p>Herbert Wheaton Congdon, architect and author of a definitive book on antique houses in Vermont, "Old Vermont Houses, 1763-1850" in the chapter, "Brick Houses", states that brick houses are somewhat rare in Vermont. "In a heavily forested country like ours, masonry houses are not common. Most Green Mountain farmers are lumbermen for part of the year. Carpentry is as natural to them as agriculture. Laying brick is a specialized craft." (p. 63) The book profiles various brick houses in the state, with photos and descriptions, starting with one in Arlington, VT that Congdon says "may be the oldest brick house in Vermont, continuously lived in since its erection, built 1779." (p. 65) This dates the Truman Galusha House as one of the earliest brick houses in Vermont, built only eleven years later in 1790, one year before statehood. For historical perspective, the older part of the Galusha House was built only one year after George Washington became President (1789-1797), and the newer front section, during the last year of the Thomas Jefferson presidency (1801-1809). Thomas Jefferson, himself an architect, was one of the major influences in the development of the Federal style.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and public house tour</h2><br>
<p>The house, then in very bad repair, was completely and carefully restored in 1981-82. All wide board floors were repaired and retained. All woodwork was stripped and repainted in white. All rooms were painted in colors from the Historic Charleston Paint color collection. Handmade hardware (door latches, etc.) found in the oldest section was preserved. Some early French wallpaper, found behind broken plaster was documented and dated by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities in Boston. All the bricks used in the house were handmade on site, and are somewhat smaller than modern bricks. The two high, English stack chimneys, with their decorative cornices, were restored and re-pointed. (One was broken down several feet.)</p><br>
<p>Forty handmade window sashes with 12-over-12 lights, based on one original in the house, were expertly handmade by restoration craftsman, Jerry Bates, and installed with brass runners. Reproduction historic wallpapers were used throughout, including Williamsburg patterns of the period in the front stairwell. Historically documented antique reproduction handmade lighting fixtures from Ball and Ball in Pennsylvania were installed in the stairwell and other rooms. An entire new kitchen was installed, and the ceiling in the wooden ell at the back of the house was removed creating a cathedral ceilinged family room with loft. Bathrooms were completely replaced. Reproduction draperies from museum patterns were custom made for each room by historic fabric specialist, Lael Livak. Fine interior custom carpentry was by Sandy Packard. Plastering was done by Vermont&#39;s veteran master-plasterer, Willy Verchereau.(Restoration details are from flyer printed for house tour in 1982.)</p><br>
<p>The restoration took 14 months. When finished, the house was featured as part of the Jericho Historical Society&#39;s annual House Tours on "Historic Jericho Day" in August, 1982. After a feature article in the Burlington Free Press promoting the tours, on August 14, 1982, hundreds of people lined up across the lawn to visit the prominent house on Rt. 15 that had been in such bad repair for so many years.</p><br>
<h2>Underground Railroad</h2><br>
<p>Governor Jonas Galusha&#39;s home in southern Vermont (Shaftsbury) was known as a stop on the Underground Railroad. The Truman Galusha House, in northern Vermont, was also a stop for escaping slaves bound for Canada, and has a trap door giving access to space under the floors, which is said to have once led to an underground tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>Chittenden houses in Jericho</h2><br>
<p>The intermarriages of the Chittenden and Galusha families during early Vermont history resulted in the building of several very important early homes in Jericho, the Truman Galusha House being only one of them. His grandfather, Thomas Chittenden, Vermonts first governor (and the father of Trumans mother, Mary Chittenden) made his family home in Williston, VT, just across the wide Winooski River from Jericho. That winding river has a massive floodplain on the Jericho side which has created some of the richest farmland in the state.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Chittenden had 10 children, and during his old age, decided to build two large houses on the Jericho side of the river as wedding gifts for two of his sons, both of whom had become important Vermonters—Noah Chittenden (1753-1835) who was a farmer, judge, and the first Sheriff of Chittenden County, and Martin Chittenden (1769-1840) who was also a judge, Congressman, and the Governor of Vermont for two terms. Of course, both were brothers of Truman Galushas mother, Mary Chittenden. And to make things even more confusing, Noah Chittenden was the father of Truman Galushas second wife, Hannah Chittenden; they were first cousins.</p><br>
<p>Legend says the two houses were identical, several miles apart along the river, both with extensive farmland. One (originally the home of Noah Chittenden) burned in 1885, but the one built for Martin still stands, and is one of the most magnificent and well-preserved mansions among old Vermont Houses.</p><br>
<p>Herbert Congdon, in "Old Vermont Houses", calls the mansion the "Chittenden-Hasbrook House, since a family named Hasbrook owned it when he wrote his book in the 1930s; he pegged the building date at c1796. Today it is still privately owned, and is usually called the Martin Chittenden House. The two houses have always been famous for their elegant and unique "checkerboard" brickwork in exterior end walls, which was laid in "patterned Flemish Bond".</p><br>
<p>A biography of Truman Galusha explains that he and his family purchased the Noah Chittenden house and lived there several years before buying the house that is the subject of this article.</p><br>
<p>The Truman Galusha house is not open to the public, but more information about it can be obtained from the Jericho Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Erlanger Mill Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Lexington, Davidson County, North Carolina, USA. The district encompasses 282 contributing buildings and 7 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Lexington. The mill village dwellings were built between about 1916 and 1929 and include notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. The dwellings were constructed by the Erlanger Mill Company as worker&#39;s housing and in a subdivision designed by noted landscape architect Earle Sumner Draper . The mill itself is a complex of one- and two-story mill buildings constructed from 1913 through the 1960s. Also located in the district are the Erlanger Baptist Church  and Erlanger Graded School .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Lexington Memorial Hospital is a historic hospital building located at Lexington, Davidson County, North Carolina. It was designed by noted architect Charles C. Hartmann in a mix of Art Deco and Art Moderne styles. It was built in 1946, and is a large masonry T-shaped building sheathed in yellow brick, three- and four-stories tall and 17 bays wide. It has a one-story addition on the east end and a 1958 one-story addition off the rear wing.</p><br>
<p>Lexingtons first hospital, 30-bed Davidson Hospital, was built in 1924 on North Main Street in the location that later became Chars Restaurant. Significant growth over the next 20 years led to the decision to buy 11 acres on Lexingtons east side for a new hospital on Weaver Drive. $400,000 was raised and the new 60-bed Lexington Memorial Hospital opened December 24, 1946. Additions included a nurses residence in 1949. By 1958, the hospital had 98 beds and 20 bassinets. Further additions were made in 1966, 1971 and 1972, but by 1977, the building could no longer be expanded in the Weaver Drive location. Groundbreaking was held for a third location on the 75-acre Alma Grubb Estate next to Business 85 south of downtown. With the opening of a 94-bed 119,000-square-foot facility in September 1979, the Weaver Drive building was sold to provide housing for the elderly. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Hilltop Terrace Apartments</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, the former hospital was purchased by Community Housing Partners. The building was fully renovated in 2012 with all-new kitchen cabinets and appliances, flooring, windows, heating, and cooling systems. The renovation was conducted in compliance with federal historic rehabilitation standards, and maintains many of the historical aspects of the building. The residence re-opened in January 2013 as Hilltop Terrace Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Altman House is a historic house at 1202 Perry Street in Helena, Arkansas. It is a 1-1/2 story brick and stone structure, designed by Estelle Altman as a residence for her family and built in 1914. It is a stylistically distinctive mixture of Classical Revival and Craftsman styling. It is roughly rectangular in plan, with an entry recessed behind a segmented-arch pediment supported by Ionic columns. The door is flanked by bevelled sidelight windows and is topped by an unusual elliptical transom window that is nearly 10 ft wide. The bays which flank the entry have casement windows filled with diamond panes and topped by transom windows. A sunporch extends the building to the right side.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Ziegler House, also known as the Ziegler/Pitcher House, is a historic house at 623 Grant Street in Ketchikan, Alaska. It is a two-story wood frame residence, set on a hillside. It is roughly rectangular in shape, with a hip roof with clipped-gable ends. The house was built as a relatively small structure in 1911, and underwent a significant expansion in 1922 to achieve its present appearance. The house has been the longtime home of members of the locally prominent Ziegler family, and was built by Adolph Holton Ziegler  who served as mayor of Ketchikan and in the territorial legislature. His son, Robert Holton Ziegler, became a prominent local lawyer, serving in the territorial and then state legislatures.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Sur Sagar lake also known as the Chand Talao is a lake situated in middle of the city of Vadodara in the State of Gujarat in India. The lake was rebuilt with stone masonry in the 18th Century. The water in this lake remains in it for the whole year. A concrete wall surrounds the lake on which the people use to sit. A 120 ft tall statue of lord Shiva built by Vadodara mahanagar Seva Sadan stands in the middle of the lake. There are many underwater gates in the lake which empty the lake if it overflows. The water from the lake empties in the Vishvamitra River. The lake is used for boating. The statue of Lord Shiva is lit with lights on Mahashivratri.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015, boating has been prohibited in the lake for various issues.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>George E. Barnhardt House is a historic house located at 291 Hartley Road near Mocksville, Davie County, North Carolina. It is locally significant as a rare surviving example of a post-bellum brick farmhouse in Davie County.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built about 1880, and is a two-story, three bay, brick I-house with a two-story rear ell. It features a center-bay, two-tier, pedimented, front-gable porch supported by thin square posts. The rear ell and attached shed porch retain a 5-V metal roof. A small, frame one-story, gabled addition with weatherboard siding has recently been added to the west side of the rear ell.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Old Minnehaha County Courthouse, located at Main Avenue and 6th Street in Sioux Falls, is the former county courthouse of Minnehaha County, South Dakota. The courthouse, which was the seat of county government from 1890 to 1962, is one of the oldest buildings in Sioux Falls. The Romanesque Revival building was built from locally quarried quartzite, a common building material in Sioux Falls at the time. The three-story building features a tall clock tower over the front entrance. The building&#39;s doorways are surrounded by Roman archways; the second- and third-story windows are also arched, while the first-story windows are rectangular. The attic windows have decorative dormers aligned with the front walls.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Old Courthouse Museum</h2><br>
<p>The building is now operated as the Old Courthouse Museum by the Siouxland Heritage Museums Alliance. There are three floors of exhibits about area history and culture, including railroads, Native American artistry and culture, life traveling on the prairie, county towns, the American flag and chairs.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Free Public Library, also known as the Carnegie Town Hall, is a historic Carnegie library located at 235 W. 10th St. in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The library was built in 1903 through a $25,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation. Architect Joseph Schwartz designed the building, a Romanesque Revival structure with Neoclassical influences. The library was built from locally quarried quartzite, a popular local building material at the turn of the century. While the building&#39;s massive form and rough-hewn stone exterior are Romanesque, it features a Greek pediment above the entrance supported by four pilasters on either side of the doorway. The building represents the only use of Classical details in a quartzite building in Sioux Falls.</p><br>
<p>The library relocated to a larger building in 1972. In 1973, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Civic Fine Arts Association ran an art museum in the building from 1973 until 1999. In 2001, the building was renovated and the Sioux Falls City Council occupied it as its council chambers.</p><br>
<p>The Rock Island Depot is a historic railroad station located at 201 East 10th Street in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The station opened in 1886 to serve the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway, a predecessor of the Rock Island. The ashlar and wood building has a Richardsonian Romanesque design with a side-facing stone gable and an octagonal turret. The interior of the station includes a waiting room, a ticket office, and the station agents quarters. As the railroad network spread through South Dakota, Sioux Falls became the states primary commercial and transportation hub due to its established station. The station served passenger trains through Sioux Falls until 1970.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas County Courthouse for the Northern District is located at East 3rd and College Streets in Stuttgart, Arkansas, the seat of the northern district of Arkansas County. It is a two-story Classical Revival brick structure resting on a raised basement. It was designed by J. B. Barrett of the Stuttgart firm Barrett & Ogletree, and built in 1928, in response to the designation of rapidly growing Stuttgart as the seat of the northern district of the county. The building is an excellent local example of Classical Revival styling, with main entrances on its northern and eastern facades topped by broad pediments and entablatures, with a stepped brick parapet above.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas County Courthouse for the Southern District is located at Courthouse Square in the center of De Witt, Arkansas, the seat for the southern county of Arkansas County. It is a three-story brick building with Art Deco styling, designed by Little Rock architect H. Ray Burks and built in 1931. It is one of the finest examples of Art Deco architecture in the state. It is built in the shape of an H, with vault additions made in 1971 the only asymmetrical element. Its main entry  is a simple double-leaf entry with transom window, topped by a concrete panel with floral design. This is topped by a pair of large windows, with a concrete panel with signage and clock above and a raised parapet at the top.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Mocksville Historic District is a national historic district located at Mocksville, Davie County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 21 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Mocksville. It primarily includes residential and commercial buildings with notable examples of Classical Revival and Beaux-Arts style architecture. The district includes the previously listed Davie County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Davie County Jail ,  C. C. Sanford Sons Store ,  J. T. Baity/Anderson Store ,  Meroney Hardware Company Building , Sanford Brothers Building ,  Southern Bank &. Trust Company Building ,  Princess Theatre, J. T. Angell Building , Horn Service Station,  Kurfees and Ward Pure Oil Station,  Meroney Filling Station, and Johnstone Office Building .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir is a reservoir located near the borough of Howard, Pennsylvania. The lake is formed due to the damming of Bald Eagle Creek, a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River, as well as other smaller creeks. The dam was created in 1971 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to prevent flooding and continue water quality down stream.</p><br>
<p>The lake is named in honor of Foster Joseph Sayers a World War II hero from the nearby town of Howard. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his acts of bravery at the battle near Thionville, France in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1971 the formation of Bald Eagle State Park occurred with the formation of the new lake, bringing boating, fishing and swimming to the area.</p><br>
<p>Boxwood Lodge is a historic hunting retreat and national historic district located near Mocksville, Davie County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 8 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 4 contributing structures on a rural estate including a manor house. It was developed between 1911 and 1931 by William Rabb Craig , a wealthy cotton and sugar broker. The manor house was built between 1933 and 1934, and is a two-story, "H"-plan, brick Colonial Revival dwelling designed by the noted architectural firm Delano & Aldrich. Other notable resources include the grounds of Boxwood Lodge, greenhouse , log cabin , great barn , feed / grain house , and entrance piers .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Farmington Historic District is a national historic district located at Farmington, Davie County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 87 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 3 contributing objects in the unincorporated community of Farmington. It primarily includes residential, agricultural, commercial, religious, and educational buildings with notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, American Craftsman, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Farmington Community Cemetery , Wiseman-Kennen House , Dr. Lester P. and Helen Bahnson Martin House , Williard Garage , Francis Marion Johnson Store , Charles F. and Jane A. Bahnson House , Jarvis-Horne Store , Brock Marker , Farmington School Auditorium, Cafeteria, and Home Economics Classroom , Farmington School Agricultural Building ,  Farmington Baptist Church , Farmington Methodist Church , and Farmington Post Office/Barber Shop .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Win-Mock Farm Dairy is a historic dairy complex located at Bermuda Run, Davie County, North Carolina. The complex was built about 1930, and includes a dairy barn, bottling plant, granary, cistern and water trough. The barn is a two-story frame building that measures 38 feet, 3 inches, in width by 180 feet in length. It has a concrete foundation, wood German-siding, and a Gothic arch roof.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. In 2010, Sterling Events Group took ownership of the vacant property and set forth on an extensive restoration plan to breathe new life into the property. The following year, WinMock opened its freshly painted doors as a new place to hold events- a place to that retains the authentic craftsmanship of the original building, now fitted with the convenience and impact of modern technology. The property&#39;s unique name came from its central location between Winston-Salem and Mocksville, North Carolina. The barn alone features a cavernous loft originally designed to hold over 7,000 bales of hay.</p><br>
<p>Cooleemee Mill Town Historic District is a national historic district located at Cooleemee, Davie County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 433 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 6 contributing structures on the original Cooleemee Cotton Mill Company property at Cooleemee. It was developed between 1898 and 1967, and includes notable examples of Gothic Revival, American Craftsman, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the mill houses of 12 house types, Cooleemee Cotton Mill complex, Pest House and the company farm, Friendship Baptist Church , North Cooleemee Elementary School , Church of the Good Shepherd , Cooleemee United Methodist Church , First Baptist Church of Cooleemee , Cooleemee Recreation Center Bathhouse , “The Holler,” and “Riverside Park,” also known as “Park Hill.”</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Tehuacana Hills are a series of hills in Limestone County, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The hills are located northwest of Tehuacana in Limestone County, Texas. They are "650 feet above sea level and 150 feet higher than the surrounding area".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1797, Philip Nolan encountered the Tehuacana people, a Native American tribe of the Tawakoni ethnic group, living at the Tehuacana Hills. They were sedentary farmers.</p><br>
<p>By 1830, the Cherokee tribe had exterminated the Tehuacanas by burning the tall grass growing on their settlement. There is a legend in Texas folklore about a Tawakoni Ghost looking down on the town of Tehuacana from the hills.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, Tehuacana Academy was established at this location. He later donated 1,100 acres for the establishment of Trinity University.</p><br>
<p>Guichen Bay,  is a bay located on the south-east coast of South Australia about 115 km northwest of Mount Gambier and about 270 km south-southeast of Adelaide. It was named in 1802 by the Baudin expedition of 1800-03 after Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen. The town of Robe is located at the southern end of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Extent & description</h2><br>
<p>Guichen Bay lies between Cape Thomas at its northern extremity and Cape Dombey at its southern extremity on the south-east coast of South Australia. The east side of the bay which runs for a distance of about 6 nmi to the south of Cape Thomas is formed by a sandy beach known as Long Beach. The bay’s south shore of the bay consists of ‘rocky points and sandy bays’ with ‘drying rocks extend a short distance offshore’. Within the bay, the water depth ranges from 9.1 m to 11 m over a large part of the bay. A rocky point known as Boatswain Point projects south for a distance of about 0.75 nmi to the east southeast of Cape Thomas while at the south end of the bay, there is a rocky point known as Robe Point.</p><br>
<p>A number of navigation aids are located around Cape Dombey at the bay’s south end. These consist of a lighthouse known as the Robe Lighthouse on Cape Dombey, a flashing light located near Commodore Point on the ocean coastline to the immediate south of Cape Dombey, and two lights within the bay - a light marking the end of the breakwater at the entrance of the Lake Butler marina in Robe and a flashing light near Robe Point. Prior to the erection of the Robe Lighthouse in 1972, the sole navigational aid available for navigating in Robe was a Daymark in the form of an obelisk painted with red and white bands which is known as the Robe Obelisk.</p><br>
<h2>European discovery</h2><br>
<p>Guichen Bay was named in 1802 by Peron and Freycinet of the Baudin expedition of 1800-03 after Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen.</p><br>
<h2>Ports and other settlements</h2><br>
<p>Robe is the sole settlement and port in Guichen Bay. Its infrastructure consists of a jetty and a marina complete with a protective breakwater.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The following protected areas respectively include and adjoin the bay’s extent: the Upper South East Marine Park and the Guichen Bay Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>The Juneau Downtown Historic District encompasses the historic commercial heart of the city of Juneau, Alaska. It extends along South Franklin Street, from the cruise terminal in the south to Second Street in the north, and westward along Second and Front Streets to Main Street. This area was the center of Juneau&#39;s economic activity from its founding in 1880 as a gold mining camp, through its growth into an urbanized area in the early 20th century, including its eventual designation as the territorial capital in 1906. In the early days of the gold mining camp business was centered in the area bounded by Front, Main and South Franklin, with maritime activities in particular eventually extending further south along the shore of the Gastineau Channel by making land using mine tailings. The early buildings have relatively utilitarian architecture, while those of the early 20th century are somewhat more ornate, with Late Victorian details. Notable buildings from this period include the Alaska Steam Laundry  and the Valentine Building .</p><br>
<p>The district, comprising 42 contributing properties, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>W. Stokes Boney House is a historic house located at 651 East Southerland Street in Wallace, Duplin County, North Carolina. It is locally significant as a highly unusual two-story frame house notable for the eighteen-degree inward bend of the prominent side gabled main block.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built between 1878 and 1890 by mill owner and farmer W. Stokes Boney, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style wood-frame dwelling with a side gable roof and 18 degree inward bend. The house features a full-width, double-tiered engaged porch. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse (c. 1850) and grape arbor (1890).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 8, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Robert E. Lee Monument, also known as the Marianna Confederate Monument, is a U. D. C. memorial built to honor Lee County&#39;s Confederate veterans. The monument was carved by the McNeel Marble Co. It is located in Marianna, Arkansas, across from the Lee County Courthouse. Dedicated in 1910, it is one of several monuments built to honor Confederate soldiers. The structure is a local tourist attraction and, since 1996, has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Made entirely of marble, the Marianna Confederate Monument consists of a statue of the General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Robert E. Lee, in dress uniform. The Lee statue is mounted on a column 20 ft high, with a fountain at its base which is fed by two downward-pointing sculpted cannons. The memorial was sponsored and funded by D. C. Govan Chapter No. 781 of the U. D. C., and dedicated to the "loving memory of Lee County&#39;s Confederate soldiers."</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Chamber  is a 15th-century monument located in Novgorod Kremlin, Veliky Novgorod, Russia. It is an exceptional example of Gothic architecture in Russia, and included in the UNESCO World heritage list, along with other historic buildings in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chamber was part of the Episcopal complex founded in 1433 by order of Euthymius II, Archbishop of Novgorod. According to the Second Novgorodian Chronicle, foreign artisans took part in the building process. It is also indicated by the European Gothic wimpergs, fan traceries, lancet windows and other architectural features typical of the style. The ancient Novgorodian icon, "The vision by Tarasuis the sexton", which contains an image of the Chamber, shows that in the past the building had stepped gables with lancet niches, which are further Gothic features of the period.</p><br>
<p>In 1441 the Chamber was decorated with frescoes. The main hall was a meeting place for the Council of Aristocrats, a body in the Novgorod republic. After the massacre of Novgorod in 1473, the Chamber was the place where the charter for joining the Novgorod republic to the Duchy of Moscow was read out publicly and signed by Ivan III of Russia.</p><br>
<p>The Chamber later underwent substantial rebuilding resulting in its current 19th-century exterior. The main facade in particular was changed and the eaves of the building raised. In 1822 the Chamber was turned into the Church in honour of Ivan, a 12th-century saint and Archbishop of Novgorod.</p><br>
<p>In Soviet times the building was transformed into museum for arts and crafts.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction</h2><br>
<p>In 2008 the building was reconstructed to return its exterior closer to the original Gothic style. In July 2008 the remains of a building believed to be the house of Novgorod Archibishop Bazil were found near the Chamber. In the Chamber&#39;s cellar extensive underground vaults were found.</p><br>
<p>A prospective task for the conservationists and historians is to restore the Chamber&#39;s historical gallery near the gateway.</p><br>
<p>Shingle Run is a tributary of West Branch Run in Lycoming County and Columbia County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 2.5 mi long and flows through Jordan Township, Lycoming County and Pine Township, Columbia County. Its watershed has an area of 1.63 square miles and the stream has various unnamed tributaries. At least one bridge crosses the stream. The stream is inhabited by trout. It is named after nearby sawmills.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Shingle Run begins near Crist Hill Road in Jordan Township, Lycoming County and flows southwest for a few hundred feet. It then turns roughly south and exits Jordan Township and Lycoming County after several hundred feet.</p><br>
<p>Upon exiting Lycoming County, Shingle Run enters Pine Township, Columbia County and continues flowing roughly south, parallel to Shingle Run Road. After approximately a mile, the stream begins flowing nearly due south for more than a mile. Its valley becomes several hundred feet deep and it receives an unnamed tributary from the right. Eventually, it reaches its confluence with West Branch Run near California Hollow.</p><br>
<p>Shingle Run joins West Branch Run 1.82 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Shingle Run has a number of tributaries, which are smaller than the stream itself. However, none of them are named.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Shingle Run is 794 ft above sea level. The elevation of the stream&#39;s source is between 1,200 ft and 1,220 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>At least one bridge crosses Shingle Run. It carries State Route 4028.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Shingle Run has an area of 1.63 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>History and etymology</h2><br>
<p>Shingle Run was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1187539. In the 19th century, the mouth of the stream was in a school district known as District No. 1.</p><br>
<p>A proposal was once made to replace a bridge crossing Shingle Run and to place cement concrete paving in its streambed, among other things.</p><br>
<p>Shingle Run is named after sawmills in its vicinity. It was labelled as "Thumb Shingle Mill Run" on a number of maps dating to the middle of the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Wild trout naturally reproduce in Shingle Run between its headwaters and its mouth.</p><br>
<p>The W.P. Mills House, also known as Cushing House, Longenbaugh House and Island House, is a historic house at 1 Maksoutoff Street in Sitka, Alaska. It occupies a prominent site in Sitka, located on a small island in the harbor at the end of a 400 ft causeway. The house is located on the site where, during the Russian period in the early nineteenth century, a salt-making operation was located. In 1915, W. P. Mills, son of one of the former American owners of the saltery after the Alaska Purchase, hired Seattle-based architect Louis L. Mendal to design a house to stand on the old saltery&#39;s foundation. The design, which used the foundation as well as the massive wooden door of the saltery, adapted the foundation to provide a sheltered and private courtyard space, and to take advantage of the expansive views available.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. John Parsons Cabin Complex is a historic pioneer settlement on the Green River in the Browns Park region of Daggett County, Utah. Dr. John D. Parsons, a rancher and physician from Denver, settled at the site between 1874 and 1876. Parsons built a log cabin for his family at the site; he later added a springhouse, blacksmith shop, and bunkhouse on the property. Travelers between Vernal, Utah and Wyoming frequently stopped at the bunkhouse for the night. Parsons died in 1881, and his family left the cabin in 1884. The abandoned cabin later became a hideout for outlaws passing through the region, including Butch Cassidy and Matt Warner.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Queen Bee Mill is a ruined mill complex located in Falls Park in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The mill was built between 1879 and 1881 under the guidance of politician Richard F. Pettigrew, who believed that Sioux Falls could harness the power of the Big Sioux River for local industry. When it opened in 1881, the mill could process 1200 barrels of grain per day, and its elevator could hold 1000 bushels; it also had connections to all five of the city&#39;s rail lines. Business at the mill could never meet its capacity, however, and it closed only two years after it opened due to bankruptcy. The mill passed through several owners after it closed; while several attempted to reopen it, none succeeded, and the building eventually became a warehouse. A fire destroyed the complex in 1956; the foundations of the mill and grain elevator are all that remain at the site.</p><br>
<p>The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Faison Historic District is a national historic district located at Faison, Duplin County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 116 contributing buildings, 2 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Faison. It includes industrial, residential, and commercial buildings with notable examples of Greek Revival, Queen Anne, and Italianate style architecture. Notable buildings include the Cates Pickle Company , Moore Lee Thornton Store , C. S. Hines Store , Clifton&#39;s Service Station , Faison Pharmacy, Witherington Building , Faison Depot , Presbyterian Church , Elias Faison House , Faison-Williams House , and Witherington House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Estevan Hall is a historic house at 653 South Biscoe Street in Helena, Arkansas. With a construction history estimated to begin in the late 1820s, it is probably the oldest building in Phillips County, Arkansas, and has been in the hands of the Hanks family, early settlers of Helena, throughout. It is an architecturally eclectic structure, whose main style is derived from alterations in the 1870s which had a strong influence of the French architecture of New Orleans. It is set high on a ridge overlooking the Mississippi River, and has an expansive veranda typical of plantation houses further south. Its interior has been little altered since renovations and modernizations in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Henry and Cornelia Ford Farm is a historic farmstead in rural Phillips County, Arkansas. It is at 1335 County Road 249, northeast of Lexa. The farmstead consists of four buildings on 5.25 acre of land, including a row of pecan trees lining the farms main drive. The main house is an architecturally undistinguished vernacular structure with a porch extending across its main facade. The barn, northwest of the house, is finished in board-and-batten siding. Also on the property area shed and an artists studio. The farmstead was built c. 1950, in part with assistance from the Federal Housing Administration, which had previously visited the Ford&#39;s farm to see how the African-American couple had established a financially self-sufficient operation. It is a well-preserved and maintained example of a small mid-20th-century farmstead.</p><br>
<p>The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Baumbach Building, also known as the Midwest Lamp Company or The Buffalo, is a historic building in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Part of the Historic Third Ward, the five-story building was one of the city&#39;s first Chicago School factories.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Baumbach Building was designed by German architect Eugene R. Liebert, who was commissioned by Ernest Von Baumbach. It was built in the Third Ward, a former residential district which had been largely destroyed in a 1892 fire. In its place, a warehouse district emerged. The five-story building was started in 1899 and completed the next year. The Von Baumbachs were a prominent German family in Milwaukee; patriarch Ludwig was previously a member of the Frankfurt Parliament and served in Milwaukee as the Consul of the German Empire. Ernest was his sixth son and pursued a career in real estate.</p><br>
<p>The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on March 3, 1983. On March 8, 1984, the building became a contributing property of the Historic Third Ward District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on Commission Row, a section of the Third Ward historically dominated by the produce wholesale business. Its design is a blend of an early Chicago School motif with Renaissance Revival influences. The main entrance is recessed 10 ft behind a light grey stone column. The capital of the column is consistent with German design with carved heads in relief. The Baumbach stands 80 x with four bays on the west side and six bays on the south side. The first floor has large storefront windows while the second, third, and fourth floor windows are double-hung. The fifth floor features round arched windows which are separated with carved lions&#39; heads on a Celtic cross medallion. Carved crowns in a cartouche decorate the second floor corners. The interior was originally a standard warehouse design, but the first floor has since been divided into office space.</p><br>
<p>The Allen Centennial Garden is a free public garden on the grounds of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The grounds feature the Agricultural Dean&#39;s House, the home of the first four deans of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The Queen Anne house overlooking the garden was designed for William Arnon Henry, the first dean of the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agriculture. When he came to the university, he purchased a small frame farm house on campus in a section where the university farm workman lived. By the 1890s, other universities were attempting to lure Henry away from Wisconsin. To placate him, the university offered Henry a salary increase, vacation time, an $8,000 appropriation for a house. Another $2,000 was later invested in the house, and when completed in 1896, Henry assumed all further expenses. It was designed by Allan D. Conover and Lew F. Porter.</p><br>
<p>Henry was dean of the school from 1887 until 1907, when he resigned due to poor health. Three other deans lived in the house: Harry Luman Russell (1907–1931), C. L. Christensen (1931–1943), and Edwin Broun Fred (1943–1945).</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, the classroom gardens outside the Plant Sciences Building were destroyed to make room for an addition. In the early 1980s, the university decided to move these gardens to the former dean&#39;s house. Donations from university gifts and student groups provided for initial planning and design. Thanks to a gift from Ethel Allen, the widow of bacteriologist Oscar Allen, groundbreaking began in the spring of 1985. When completed in October 1989, the garden was named the Allen Centennial Gardens, commemorating Oscar Allen and the recent 100th anniversary of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. The gardens continue to be independently funded.</p><br>
<p>Grimmenturm is a medieval tower and restaurant situated at Neumarkt in Zürich, Switzerland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Grimmenturm building is situated at Neumarkt (Spiegelgasse 31, 8001 Zürich) in the Altstadt of Zürich on the right shore of the Limmat river. It houses the restaurant Neumarkt in one of the attached buildings towards Neumarkt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower was probably built by the Zürich family Bilgeri (residential since 1256) between 1250 and 1280 AD as a residential tower. First mentioned in the year 1324 as tower of the Pilgrin family, it was one of about 30 residential towers that existed in the European Middle Ages in Zürich. Even before 1300 a housing was attached to the north-western side. Although the building was for decades used by the Bilgeri family as their home, it has not their name, as a building; also used as residential tower, the so-called Bilgeriturm is located just 20 meters in the north. Grimmenturm&#39;s name was given by another member of the same family, Johann Bilgeri the younger and its nickname "Grimm" or "Grimme". Even the nickname Grimm (same meaning in English and in German) was apparently so common that it even was mentioned in official documents, such as in a parchment from the year 1330</p><br>
<p>On 12 July 1336 Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich, defeated his political opponents, the former members of the Rat (council) of Zürich, of which around 12 members found refuge by count Johann I in Rapperswil. The document, sealed by the Princess Abbess of Fraumünster, the abbot of the Einsiedeln Abbey and the Propst von Zürich (Grossmünster), listed among others the names of Heinr. Bilgeri im Markt, Niclaus Bilgeri, Rudolf Bilgeri and Joh. Bilgeri der jüngere zum Steinbock to be banned at least two years from the city of Zürich.</p><br>
<p>In 1350 Sister Elsbeth Reinger handed over her house and paddock, located at the Neumarkt between the houses of Waser and Heinrich von Rapperswil to establish a hospital. Johann Pilgrim, der Grimme left over the tower together with residential buildings to the hospital for accommodation and nursing sisters, and so a monastic community was established. In occasion of the Reformation in Zürich, the nunnery was abolished in 1524, and the building was used as wine cellar and granary. The next 300 years the building served as a vicarage and accommodation building, and in 1962 it passed over to the city government of Zürich.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Being part of the former second, even first fortification of the medieval city of Zürich, the building has an extremely irregular, octagonal floor plan, consisting of three former separate buildings. On its northeast facade a lounge corner with Gothic pointed arch windows is installed. The so-called Zum Langen Keller (Rindermarkt 26, 8001 Zürich) residential building was attached to the northwestern side of the tower even before 1300. From 1837 to 1839 the building was renewed. In the late 19th century, the property was in private hands and was once more widely rebuilt: The clock and bell were removed, on the south and north side new windows and a new roof were installed. The original clock tower was installed in 1541, in 1865 renewed and between 1964 and 1966 it was rebuilt as a distinctive clock tower.</p><br>
<p>Zürich - Neumarkt - Grimmenturm - Nike-Brunnen 2010-08-31 15-43-36 ShiftN.jpgZum Langen Keller, as of today serving as restaurant Neumarkt</p><br>
<p>Zürich - Grimmenturm-Spiegelgasse IMG 0599.JPGas seen from Spiegelgasse</p><br>
<p>Zürich - Grimmenturm IMG 2287.JPGthe clock face</p><br>
<h2>Cultural heritage</h2><br>
<p>The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class B object of regional importance.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Dölf Wild: Stadtmauern. Ein neues Bild der Stadtbefestigungen Zürichs (=Stadtgeschichte und Städtebau in Zürich. Schriften zu Archäologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtplanung. 5). Schrift zur Ausstellung im Haus zum Haus zum Rech, Zürich, 6. Februar bis 30. April 2004. Amt für Städtebau, Baugeschichtliches Archiv, Zürich 2004.</p><br>
<p>The 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga was an eruption in the Bárðarbunga volcanic system in Iceland, that began on August 29, 2014 and ended on February 27, 2015. The eruption emitted large volumes of sulphur dioxide and impacted air quality in Iceland. There was no effect on flights outside of the immediate vicinity due to a lack of a significant emission of volcanic ash. The eruption took place in the lava field of Holuhraun northeast of the Bárðarbunga caldera proper.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Seismic activity surrounding the Bárðarbunga volcano gradually increased from 2007 to 2014, with a brief pause during the nearby eruption at Grímsvötn in 2011. By the summer of 2014 activity reached a level similar to that just before the Grímsvötn eruption. In May 2014 there was a small earthquake sequence of about 200 events. GPS data recorded a displacement of 14 cm in the region since the beginning of the phase of unrest, compared to a figure of 2 cm over the rest of Iceland. This displacement is attributed to the separation of two continental plates: the Eurasian Plate in the east and the North American Plate in the west. Further earthquake swarms were detected: one at Bárðarbunga caldera, attributed to subsidence due to the magma chamber emptying; and another at the head of a dyke which extends approximately 40 km outwards from the vent, at a depth of 5–8 km below the surface. Evidence of minor sub-glacial eruptions occurred as early as 23 August when tremors were detected, but it was not until 29 August when lava erupted onto the surface at the fissure, forming a crater and substantial lava field to the north of the glacier in Holuhraun.</p><br>
<h2>Possible scenarios</h2><br>
<p>Scientists at the Icelandic Met Office and the University of Iceland outlined three possible scenarios:</p><br>
<p>The eruption in Holuhraun lasts until the subsidence of the Bárðarbunga caldera stops. It can go on for many months.</p><br>
<p>A sub-glacial eruption somewhere along the dyke, which could produce an explosion, eject ash, and create a glacial outburst flood.</p><br>
<p>An eruption within the caldera itself with similar consequences to that of the above sub-glacial eruption.</p><br>
<h2>August</h2><br>
<h3>Seismic activity prior to eruption</h3><br>
<p>A swarm of 1600 earthquakes with an average magnitude of 1.5 up to 3 began at 03:00 on August 16, 2014. There were "very strong indications of ongoing magma movement, in connection with dyke intrusion" according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The activity was in fact two swarms; one located east of Bárðarbunga caldera; and one at the edge of Dyngjujökull glacier just east of Kistufell. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow. By 18 August about 2600 earthquakes were detected, with some larger than magnitude 3, the largest of which being of magnitude 4.5. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange. The majority of events were recorded at a depth of 5–10 km.</p><br>
<p>On 23 August an intense low-frequency signal was detected which led scientists to believe that a small eruption was in progress under the Dyngjujökull glacier. As a result of this the Aviation Color Code was elevated to a maximum Red, signifying that an eruption was either imminent or in progress and that a no-fly zone was in effect for planes to the south-east of Iceland.</p><br>
<p>Three magnitude 5 earthquakes, the strongest in Iceland since 1996, were recorded on 24 August, with the first at 00:09, but there were no visible signs of activity. "Probably, earthquakes near the Bárðarbunga caldera are a consequence of adjustment to changes in pressure, because of the flow of magma from under the caldera into the dyke which stretches to Dyngjujökull, more than 25 km away." Following a scientists&#39; meeting at 11:50, the Aviation Color Code was reduced to Orange. It was stated that 700 earthquakes of larger magnitudes than previously recorded had been observed since midnight; the dyke stretching to the north was estimated at 30 km in length; activity showed no signs of abating and an imminent eruption was considered possible; the intense low frequency signal detected on 23 August was not caused by a sub-glacial eruption.</p><br>
<p>By 19:00 on 25 August there had been about 1200 earthquakes at depths of 5–12 km, mostly around the northern tip of the intrusion northeast of Bárðarbunga which had migrated further to 6–7 km north of Dyngjujökull. More than twenty tremors were of intensity M3–M4, and one was a M5.1 which occurred within the caldera at 16:19. There was no sign of volcanic harmonic tremor.</p><br>
<p>On 26 August, intense seismic activity continued, with no signs of reduction and approximately 900 events recorded by 18:00. The largest earthquake since the 2014 activity began occurred at 01:26, a M5.7 on the north-west rim of the caldera at a depth of 6 km. The dyke continued to extend to the north, reaching 40 km from the caldera and 5 km past the edge of the glacier. Activity was concentrated at the tip, which now extended across an area of 10 km. GPS modelling showed that fifty million cubic metres of magma had been injected into the dyke in the previous 24 hours, reaching a total volume of 350 million cubic metres.</p><br>
<p>By 18:42 on 27 August there had been two earthquakes in the caldera above M5 and about 1300 events in the range of M2-3 around the tip of the dyke which had propagated a further 1 km to the north and now extended some 13 km past the edge of the glacier. Approximately another 20 million cubic metres of magma had entered the dyke over the previous 24 hours. The intrusion of the dyke was now causing stress changes over a large area to the north of the dykes extent. A M4.5 event was recorded just east of the Askja caldera, which had been showing signs of increased geothermal activity since April 2012. At 20:50, scientists on a surveillance flight reported a 4–6 km line of 10–15 m deep cauldrons to the south of the Bárðarbunga caldera, which were possibly a result of melting or a sub glacial eruption, although they didnt know when they had formed. No heightened tremor level was observed.</p><br>
<h3>Eruption</h3><br>
<p>On 29 August at 00:02, seismic tremor observations indicated lava had erupted approximately 5 km north of the margin of the Dyngjujökull glacier and confirmed by visual observations. The fissure eruption breached the surface between Bárðarbunga and Askja, close to the northernmost point of the earthquake swarm, in the Holuhraun lava field 42 km to the northeast of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>The active fissure was about 600 metres long and produced a lava flow which peaked between 00:40 and 01:00 and is thought to have ceased by 04:00. Seismicity decreased during the eruption but then returned to previous levels. At 10:00 the Aviation Color Code was downgraded to Orange, signifying no hazard from an ash cloud.</p><br>
<p>At 04:00 on 31 August another fissure eruption began along the same fissure previously, estimated to be about 1.5 km long. By 07:00 the lava flow was 1 km wide and 3 km long, extending to the north-east and several metres thick; the lava output was approximately 1000 cubic metres per second. Gas emissions had increased but no ash cloud was detected. At about 13:00 a M5.1 earthquake occurred in the caldera. GPS measurements showed continuing changes to the north of the eruption, seismic activity had decreased but was otherwise similar to previous days.</p><br>
<h2>September</h2><br>
<p>On 1 September, the fissure in Holuhraun erupted continuously along its 600–800 m central section. The lava stretched over 4 square kilometres with an estimated volume of 20-30 million cubic metres, with a 5-10 million cubic metres increase over the previous 19 hours, the average output was about 100 cubic metres per second. A white plume rose from the eruption reaching 15,000 feet and extending 60 km NNE; no ash but high levels of sulphur dioxide were recorded. In the next days, eruptions continued with the lava covering 12 square kilometres on 5 September. Reduced seismic activity continued along similar lines with activity near the tip of the dyke and larger earthquakes in the caldera.</p><br>
<p>At 07:00 on 5 September two new smaller eruptions appeared in a graben to the south of the ongoing eruption about 2 km from Dyngjujökull glacier. The cauldron at Dyngjujökull appeared to have grown. Low frequency tremors continued to be detected and substantial emission of sulphur dioxide from the eruptions continued.</p><br>
<p>On 6 September, radar measurements of the glacier surface within the caldera showed 15 metres of subsidence, a volume change of 0.25 square kilometres. This was the largest observed subsidence in Iceland since records began in the middle of the last century. A wide shallow depression was also observed at the Dyngjujökull glacier 10 km from the ice margin, another depression 6 km from the margin deepened to 35 metres. These were likely caused by small and short sub-glacial eruptions.</p><br>
<p>The fissure eruptions continued, producing 100–200 m/s of lava which covered about 16 km by 7 September. Lava had now reached the western part of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river.</p><br>
<p>Follow-up measurements on 8 September indicated that since 6 September the glacier had subsided another 2.5 to 3 metres.</p><br>
<p>The University of Iceland said that "The events in Bárðarbunga can only be described as a slow caldera collapse".</p><br>
<p>On 9 and 10 September, earthquakes continued to be recorded at Bárðarbunga caldera with a M5.5 at 05:28 on the 10th in the northern part of the dyke intrusion, and also at Herðubreiðatögl. Lava was flowing into the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river, but there was no explosive reaction, only steaming. Continued sulphur dioxide emissions at the eruption sites prompted concerns about air quality in urban areas in eastern Iceland. According to GPS measurements, most of the magma flowing into the dyke was being erupted without further crustal deformation. Forecast scenarios now included references to possible further subsidence in the caldera prompting eruptions beneath the Dyngjujökull glacier.</p><br>
<p>In the following days, the eruption in Holuhraun continued at a similar rate, accompanied by ongoing earthquakes. The caldera continued to subside with regular M5 earthquakes each day. Regions experiencing reduced air quality changed depending on wind direction. In the previous two days GPS monitoring had detected unusual crustal movements which may have been indicative of a change in the movement of magma under the volcano. In the month since earthquakes began at Bárðarbunga, 25,000 earthquakes had been recorded, compared to 10,000-15,000 earthquakes recorded throughout Iceland in an average year.</p><br>
<p>By 21 September, subsidence in the caldera, as measured at the newly mounted GPS station, was approximately 40 cm per day and appeared to coincide with earthquake activity. Lava flow and gas emissions at the eruption site in Holuhraun continued at the same strength. The lava field now extended to 37 square kilometres, with an estimated 0.4-0.5 cubic km of erupted lava.</p><br>
<h2>October</h2><br>
<p>Seismic activity continued to be strong in October. The eruption continued apace, subsidence of the caldera continued at about 40 cm per day and the earthquakes continued with regular M5 tremors around the caldera rim and smaller tremors at the eruption site. Larger volumes of sulphur dioxide were emitted. A crater named Baugur and a new lava flow to the east formed at the eruption site in Holuhraun. Geothermal heat was on the increase and the depression in the caldera was 40 metres, subsidence continued at a similar rate to previous weeks. A cauldron in the south-east corner of Bárðarbunga deepened 25 metres in one month and was considered by scientists at the site to be linked to the depression in the caldera. Seismic activity continued in the dyke although at a reduced rate. GPS measurements around the area of activity showed minor changes. Air quality continued to be affected by the eruption.</p><br>
<h2>November</h2><br>
<p>Volcanic activity remained intense although there were some signs of decrease. Earthquakes continued at the dyke although there were less in number, M5+ earthquakes continued at the caldera, the subsidence of the caldera continued had reduced down from 80 cm a day at the start of the unrest to 25 cm per day, which now reached 50 metres in total. The lava field reached 76 km in area and an estimated 1 cubic kilometre volume of lava, this makes it the biggest eruption in Iceland since Laki in 1783 and the third largest lava field on Earth over this period. The lava output reduced from 200 metres per second in September to 100 m/s in November. Significant sulphur dioxide gas pollution continued to occur. The forecast was for significant activity to continue over the next few months.</p><br>
<h2>December</h2><br>
<p>An overview of the eruption and seismic activity so far was published on IMO&#39;s website on 3 December. Insubstantial changes in the eruption occurred in December 2014. The lava field had increased to 82.8 km. The lava ran in a closed channel to the east 15 km from the Baugur crater. M5+ quakes continued in the caldera; on December 19, vertical displacement at the caldera was measured at 56 metres. The eruption continued to emit intense sulphurous gasses which affected air quality throughout Iceland, depending on the weather conditions. On 25 December, a new earthquake sequence was recorded at the Geysir geothermal field 140 kilometres west of Bárðarbunga; the activity lasted for two days before fading out.</p><br>
<h2>January 2015</h2><br>
<p>During January 2015 the eruption continued to decline slowly although it still remained active with significant seismic activity. At the caldera there were still significant regular quakes of M4.5+ and subsidence continued. Sulphuric gases originating from the eruption continued to create a health hazard throughout Iceland. A scientific report published on 30 January featuring graphs and diagrams showing detailed information about the caldera seismicity and eruption can be found on the IMO website. Extrapolations from the data predict the eruption may continue into the Summer.</p><br>
<h2>February 2015</h2><br>
<p>In February the eruption continued to decline but seismic activity was still significant, with earthquakes no greater than magnitude M3, some earthquakes were recorded at Tungnafellsjökul glacier, Askja and Herðubreið. The rate of subsidence of the caldera was slower at about 5 cm per day and levels of toxic gasses in inhabited areas stayed within safety limits for consistent periods. On 27 February the eruption ended after 6 months of continuous activity. Nevertheless, air pollution continued, and the area north of Bárðarbunga, including volcanoes Askja and Herðubreið, still remained closed to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>March 2015</h2><br>
<p>On March 16, 2015 the area north of Bárðarbunga was opened to visitors, excluding the lava field and the area within 20 meters around it.</p><br>
<p>The Red Men Hall, also known as the Redmen Wigwam, was a meeting hall in Index, Washington originally for the Improved Order of Red Men. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and collapsed in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Organization</h2><br>
<p>The Red Men are a fraternal lodge which imitate Native American traditions and call their local lodges "wigwams". The Index Tribe #68 of the Great Council of Washington constructed the building in 1903 which included a stage and kitchen. The building was the largest structure in the small logging and mining town and served as a center of social activities including vaudeville shows, weddings, and political gatherings.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building was a two-story wood-frame structure built with local lumber a narrow, country-store style with an arched roof and a false front. A bracket-supported slope-roofed porch spanned the entire front of the building. Despite several efforts at restoration, on New Year&#39;s Day in 2009 the building was long since abandoned when it collapsed from the weight of the snow from a major storm in the high elevation.</p><br>
<p>The building is gone.</p><br>
<p>The L.A. Black Rice Milling Association Inc. Office is a historic office building at 508 South Monroe Street in DeWitt, Arkansas. It is a single-story brick structure with a low-pitch shed roof. Built in 1942, the building has minimal styling, with a recessed porch on its eastern facade sheltering the entries to two storefronts. It is notable as the only surviving element associated with the business activities of Lester Asher Black , a leading businessman in DeWitt. Black was the president of the First National Bank of DeWitt from its founding in 1912 until his death, and operated a rice mill  as well as a hardware and agricultural supply store catering to rice farmers. He also owned thousands of acres of land planted in rice, at a time when Arkansas was the largest national supplier of the crop.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Juneau-Douglas City Museum is located at the corner of 4th and Main, opposite the Alaska State Capitol in Juneau, Alaska. It occupies a building which was built in 1950-51 to house the Juneau Memorial Library. It is a two-story Classical Revival structure built out of concrete with red marble trim elements. A gable-roofed projecting section at the center of the long wall provides the main entrance, which is recessed in an opening the full height to the pediment. This projecting section is flanked by banks of five metal-framed awning windows. The northeast facade has a gable pediment similar to that of the entry projection, below which is a large rectangular window, behind which a stained glass decoration has been installed. The building served the city as its library until the 1980s, at which time it was repurposed to house the city museum.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s exhibits include gold mining, hydropower, skiing, outdoor recreation, fishing, politics and city history.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>El Cajon Mountain, commonly known as El Capitan or El cap, is a mountain in the Cuyamaca Mountains, and prominent natural landmark in the East County of San Diego.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The summit of El Cajon Mountain is at 3648 feet (1112 m). The mountain is almost completely surrounded by private property or an indian reservation, but the mountain itself is mostly within the Cleveland National Forest or the County of San Diego’s El Capitan Open Space Preserve.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There are many different hikes and climbs up El Cajon Mountain, with difficulties ranging from a hike all the way up to a Scramble. All the climbs are difficult due to the considerable elevation gain. The trail head is located within the community of Lakeside, California.</p><br>
<p>The St. Stephen&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church is a historic church building at 110 Fleming Street in Harrington, Delaware. It is a single-story wood frame structure, built in 1876 in the Carpenter Gothic style. Original features from its construction include the stained glass window in the western facade, and the exterior board-and-batten siding. The building was built by Rev. J. Leighton McKim as a mission church, and remained his personal property until his death in 1918, when it was transferred to the Delaware Diocese of the Episcopal Church. It is now owned by the Harrington Historical Society, who operate it as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Union Wesley Methodist Episcopal Church Complex is a historic church and summer camp meeting facility on Powell Farm Road near Clarksville, Delaware. The property was developed in the post-Civil War era as a summer religious camp for African Americans. It was established around 1873, with open tabernacle-like structure for religious functions, surrounded by modest cottages. An 1890 one-room schoolhouse that was used in the education of African-American children was adapted as the camp&#39;s refectory in 1922, and in 1959 the Union Wesley Methodist Episcopal Church was built on the property. The school building in particular is notable as one of the best-preserved late 19th-century schools for African-Americans in the state.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Isthmia is an ancient city located on the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece. It is well known for being home to the Isthmian Games and is also the site of major Greek monuments, such as the Temple of Isthmia that honors the Greek God, Poseidon.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The city of Isthmia is located on the main road that connected Athens and Corinth in the ancient world. This made it an easy stop for many travelers and therefore a logical geographic choice for the Panhellenic Games and monumental religious sanctuaries. Its location on the Isthmus and major ports created huge traffic through the city and established Isthmia as the hub for athletic and religious festivals; second in significance only to those at Olympia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistoric times</h3><br>
<p>Stone artifacts found on the site have been dated to show that humans have inhabited Corinthia since the Neolithic Era. Small samples of pottery dating to the last era of the Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) show that people were still living in Isthmia during this time. During the Greek Dark Ages, the population declined throughout Greece, and with it came a deterioration of material wealth in Isthmia.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic period</h3><br>
<p>As Greece moved into the Archaic period, writing, material culture, and population all increased. In the year 481 BC, the Persian Empire attempted to invade Greece. Isthmia was not a major battlefield, but its central location made it a preferred site for Greek conferences and pre–battle meetings. The Archaic-style temple at Isthmia was badly burned in a fire in 480 BC, and the Doric-style temple remains were repaired using Classical architecture style elements.</p><br>
<h3>Classical period</h3><br>
<p>In the years 431–404 BC, Isthmia was caught in the middle of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. A second war between the two city-states occurred in the years 395–387 BC and the archaic temple for Poseidon was burned down in 390 BC. It is unclear whether the destruction of the temple was a result of the dispute, but the lack of pottery found at the site after the fire indicates that Isthmia entered a period of decreased prosperity at this time.</p><br>
<p>The Classical period also saw the rise of Philip II, King of Macedon. He united the Greek city–states, including Isthmia, in the 4th century BC, only to be assassinated in 336 BC. His successor, Alexander the Great, became one of Isthmia&#39;s most famous guests by calling a meeting in the city between the Greek city–states to discuss war with Persia.</p><br>
<h3>Roman control</h3><br>
<p>In 196 BC, following the Second Macedonian War and the defeat of Macedon, the Roman Republic declared the "Freedom of the Greeks" from Macedonian hegemony. The decision to hold the political conference at Isthmia cemented its status as a symbol of Greek unity and freedom.</p><br>
<p>In 146 BC, rising tensions between the Greek states and the increasingly hegemonic Romans resulted in a last attempt by the Achaean League to maintain its independence. The Achaean War ended in a quick Roman victory, and consul Lucius Mummius Achaicus ordered the complete destruction of Corinth as an example to all Greeks. The Altar of Poseidon was destroyed and control of the Isthmian Games was taken away from the city. It is not until 44 BC that Julius Caesar restored the stadium and temple to their original state.</p><br>
<h3>Late Roman, medieval, and early modern periods</h3><br>
<p>In the 4th century AD, Emperor Constantine the Great banned all pagan religions and artifacts from Isthmia. The Temple of Poseidon fell into disuse and its material was partly re-used for the building of the Hexamilion wall which was used as protection against invading barbarians in the 5thcentury.</p><br>
<p>The Ottoman Empire captured Isthmia in 1423, and permamently in 1458. Isthmia was fought over by the Turks, Venetians, and local potentates for over three centuries. In 1715, the Venetians were expelled, and the Ottoman Empire controlled southern Greece for a hundred years until the Greek War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Oscar Broneer rediscovered the site at Isthmia in 1952. He excavated the temple, theater, two caves used for dining, and the two stadia used for the Isthmian Games.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<h3>Temples</h3><br>
<p>The city of Isthmia houses many massive structures. The Archaic Temple of Poseidon, which was excavated in 1952 by Oscar Broneer, was built in the Doric style in 700 BC. The temple was constructed on a plateau, surrounded by valleys and considered the center of the Isthmian sanctuaries. The temple also housed shrines to gods related to Poseidon such as his son, Cyclopes, and the goddess Demeter. A multitude of other named divinities said to have been worshipped within the confines of the temple have links to Demeter, suggesting the Isthmian people&#39;s devotion to fertility and harvest. Evidence including plates, bowls, and animal bones discovered within the ash on the plateau suggest that animal sacrifices of sheep, cattle, and goats took place at the temple on a regular basis and were often a cause for feasting and celebration.</p><br>
<p>When it burned down in 480 BC, the roof, Sima (architecture), and columns were replaced using Classical style building elements. There was also a temple built for the god Apollo. Because of the similarities in construction style and building materials between these temples, it can be concluded that they were completed within two generations of building. Isthmia was also home to a Roman temple that was built for the worship of Palaimon. The Temple to Palaimon was decorated with roof ornaments of the Ionic Order and had a cult following within the city.</p><br>
<h3>Stadiums</h3><br>
<p>When the Isthmian Games were founded in 582 BC, the people of Isthmia built a stadium for the sporting activities. The stadium was rebuilt in the Hellenistic period and featured a racetrack. The new stadium was built in the valley because the slope allowed for the accommodation of the mass quantities of spectators traveling to Isthmia for the festival.</p><br>
<h3>The East Field</h3><br>
<p>On the eastern side of the temple there is a field that houses mazes of wall remnants. Archaeological evidence shows that these walls were poorly erected and built over each other many times throughout the city&#39;s history. These walls made small buildings, most likely houses, that had water facilities and food preparation areas.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Isthmia&#39;s temples and stadiums highlight its religious, athletic, and political past. The first evidence of religious rituals, however, comes before the erection of the monumental sanctuary. In the Early Iron Age, cup and bowl fragments were found on the south-east side of the central plateau. They dated to the proto–geometric period and were surrounded by burnt bones that belonged to goats, sheep, and other animals sacrificed to Poseidon. Beginning in the late 8th century, evidence of a more defined sanctuary space is made with the construction of an altar and Temenos walls. Vessels made of both cheap and luxurious materials were found at this site. This suggests that the common people of Isthmia, not just the rich, were worshiping at the temple. The differences in the material quality of the vessels found at the site also suggests societal separation based on rank.</p><br>
<p>During the 11th Century BC, archaeologists found the first appearance of religious pots, indicating that the citizens of Isthmia were practicing religious ceremony. Vessels and pots from different time periods continued to be found at the site, suggesting that religious rituals for the people of Isthmia were continuous and long-lasting.</p><br>
<p>In other archaeological excavations, 30 graves containing the remains of 69 people were dug at the city of Isthmia. The bodies have been dated to come from different time periods and are spread throughout the areas of excavation, suggesting that habitation in Isthmia was wide spread and deep-rooted. The bodies are also buried using a variety of mortuary ritual processes, showing that Isthmia was an enduring, developing community.</p><br>
